Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 463470. It is notable that tzi the 5300-year-old Alpine mummy was derived for the L91 SNP and his autosomal affinity was nearest to modern Sardinians.28, The G2a2-M286 lineage is very rare, so far detected only in some individuals in Anatolia and the South Caucasus. Moreover, these general frequencies mostly consist of two notable lineages. RV thanks the European Union Regional Development Fund for support through the Centre of Excellence in Genomics, the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research for the Basic Research grant SF 0270177As08. Origin. [2][37], Ancient DNA identified as G-PF3359 has been found at archaeological sites in: Hungary (the subclade G-F872*), dated at 7,500 years before present (BP); Hungary (subclade G-F1193*) 7,150 BP, and; Spain (G-PF3359*) 4,700 BP.[2]. The mutation is found on the Y chromosome at 10595022 and is a change from G to C. G-L30 (also G-PF3267, G-S126 or G-U8; G2a2b, previously G2a3) Marie Lacan, Christine Keyser, Franois-Xavier Ricaut, Nicolas Brucato, Francis Duranthon, Jean Guilaine, Eric Crubzy, and Bertrand Ludes, Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. First, the G2a1-P16 lineage is effectively Caucasus specific and accounts for about one-third of the Caucasian male gene pool (Figure 2f). [44] The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.[45]. Thus inferences regarding migratory histories must be viewed cautiously, as diversities may have changed over the time spans discussed. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all G2 subclades represent a small number of haplogroup G men. In the ten remaining populations, haplogroup diversity spanned from a low of 0.21 in Adyghes, to highs of 0.88 in Azeris (Iran) and 0.89 in eastern Anatolia and 0.90 in Armenia. In Europe west of the Black Sea, Haplogroup G is found at about 5% of the population on average throughout most of the continent. Parent Branch: G-FGC5081 Descendant branch(s): G-Z17084 G-Z45043 FTDNA Tree Link: Link YFull Info. In the Near/Middle East, the highest P303 frequency is detected among Palestinians (17.8%), whereas in Europe the frequency does not exceed 6%. Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Feldman MW : Difference between evolutionarily effective and germ line mutation rate due to stochastically varying haplogroup size. These Neolithic European were descendants of Neolithic farmers from Anatolia, among some of the earliest peoples in the world to practice agriculture. Haplogroup F is the parent of haplogroups from G to R; however excluding these common haplogroups, the minor clades F*, F1, and F2, seem to appear in the Indian continent [68]. Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. However, no clinal patterns were detected in the spatial autocorrelation analysis of the five sub-haplogroup frequencies with distance, suggesting that the distributions are not clinal but rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. Similarly, G-P16 and G-M377 networks were created using 104 P16-derived 19-locus haplotypes and 61G-M377-derived 9-locus haplotypes, with both groups representing European, Near/Middle Eastern and central/west Asian populations. Gurdeep Matharu Lall, Maarten H. D. Larmuseau, Mark A. Jobling, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Ashot Margaryan, Richard Villems, Javier Rodriguez Luis, Leire Palencia-Madrid, Rene J. Herrera, Sandra Oliveira, Alexander Hbner, Jorge Rocha, Alessandra Modi, Desislava Nesheva, David Caramelli, Maxat Zhabagin, Zhaxylyk Sabitov, Elena Balanovska, Veronika Csky, Dniel Gerber, Anna Szcsnyi-Nagy, European Journal of Human Genetics Kaniewski D, Van Campo E, Van Lerberghe K et al. G is found mostly in the north central Middle East and the Caucasus, with smaller numbers around the Mediterranean and eastward. Its members include "tzi",[citation needed] the so-called Iceman, who died at least 5,000 years BP in the European Alps. The Y-chromosomal haplogroup G (hg G) is currently defined as one of the 20 standard haplogroups comprising the global Y-chromosome phylogeny.1 The phylogeographic demarcation zone of hg G is largely restricted to populations of the Caucasus and the Near/Middle East and southern Europe. Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Gonzalez AM et al. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67: 15261543. Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in western Eurasia, This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. Men with the haplogroup G marker moved into Europe in Neolithic times. In contrast to its widely dispersed sister clade defined by P303, hg G-M406 has a peak frequency in Cappadocia, Mediterranean Anatolia and Central Anatolia (67%) and it is not detected in most other regions with considerable P303 frequency. The fragments were run on the ABI PRISM 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). G-PF3147 (previously G-L223 and G-PF3146) is characterized by having the L223 mutation. The coalescent times (Td) of various haplogroups were estimated using the ASDo methodology described by Zhivotovsky et al,32 modified according to Sengupta et al.13 We used the evolutionary effective mutation rate of 6.9 104 per 25 years, as pedigree rates are arguably only pertinent to shallow rooted familial pedigrees,33 as they do not consider the evolutionary consequences of population dynamics including the rapid extinction of newly appearing microsatellite alleles. Unresolved G2a-P15* lineages occur across a wide area extending from the Near/Middle East to the Balkans and Western Europe in the west, the Caucasus (especially the South Caucasus) in the north and Pakistan in the east. Beginning in 2008, additional G SNPs were identified at Family Tree DNA (L designations) and Ethnoancestry (S designations). G1 is possibly believed to have originated in Iran. Forensic Sci Int-Gen 2007; 1: 287290. Encyclopedia of mtDNA Origins - Discover your maternal lineage. Slider with three articles shown per slide. PLoS Biol 2010; 8: e1000536. Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. The SNP L497 encompasses these men, but most G-L497 men belong to its subclade G-Z725, also known as G-DYS388=13. It was then learned that several subclades belong under L223, including: G-L91 was identified in 2009. Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A et al. Finally, to the east, G2a3a-M406 has an expansion time of 8800 years ago in Iran, a time horizon that corresponds to the first Neolithic settlements of the Zagros Mountains of Iran. G2a was found also in 20 out of 22 samples of ancient Y-DNA from Treilles, the type-site of a Late Neolithic group of farmers in the South of France, dated to about 5000 years ago. P15 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known by 2002. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK . Haplogroup G was the first branch of Haplogroup F outside of Africa. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Barac L, Pericic M, Klaric IM et al. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The frequency pattern and the microsatellite network of E-M2(xM191) indicate a West African origin followed by expansion, a result that is in agreement with the findings of Cruciani et al. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. The Morans I coefficient was calculated using the PASSAGE software v.1.1 (Phoenix, AZ, USA) with binary weight matrix, nine distance classes and random distribution assumption. G-M201 is most commonly found among various ethnic groups of the Caucasus, but is also widely distributed at low frequencies among ethnic groups throughout Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and North Africa. The DYS391 marker has mostly a value of 10, but sometimes 11, in G2a2b1 persons, and DYS392 is almost always 11. ), Ancient G-M201s with sequencing[self-published source?] (a)(f) Spatial frequency maps of haplogroup G (hg G) and its sub-clades with frequencies over 10%. You belong to a subgroup of haplogroup G (G-M201), The Caucasus Mountaineers, and your oldest. suggested that: "We estimate that the geographic origin of haplogroup G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. Such temporal estimates must be viewed with caution owing to differences in individual STR locus mutation rates, sensitivity to rare outlier STR alleles and complexities related to multiple potential founders during a demographic event. Hg G is very frequent in NW Caucasus and South Caucasus, covering about 45% of the paternal lineages in both regions2 in this study. In the Russian North Caucasus the Kabardinian and Ossetian populations are also notable for high rates of G-M201. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 10231034. Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation Provides Evidence for a Recent Common Ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians. This video explains the migration route of Y-chromosome haplogroup G and the countries where it can be found today. The British samples have inconsistent double values for STR marker DYS19 in many cases. L2b1a. In other words, these mutations are so unique that they could only come from other cells with the same mutations. This value of 12 is uncommon in other G categories other than G1. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16: 374386. A relatively high percentage of G2a2b1 persons have a value of 21 at STR marker DYS390. Semino et al. Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration. It is a branch of haplogroup G (Y-DNA) (M201). It is not found among Native Americans except where intermarriage with non-native persons has occurred. The mutation involves a change from C to T.[citation needed] L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs13304806. The forward primer is GTATTGAACTTACAATTCACGTCCC, and the reverse is CTCTCCAAATCGGGTTTCCT. The overall coalescent age estimate (Supplementary Table S4) for P303 is 12600 years ago. and JavaScript. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11: 69. Samples have been identified in England, Germany, Montenegro (Bosniak), Spain, Cyprus (Greek), Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Lebanon, Syria and Kuwait. Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Borinskaya SA et al. Ann Hum Genet 2008; 72: 205214. The second component, influenced by the relatively high presence of M377, separates Ashkenazi Jews from other populations (Figure 3a). Distribution. The hg G individuals in Supplementary Table S1 were either first genotyped for this study or updated to present phylogenetic resolution from earlier studies.2, 4, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 All hg G (M201-derived) samples were genotyped in a hierarchical manner for the following binary markers: M285, P20, P287, P15, L91 P16, M286, P303, U1, L497, M406, Page19, M287 and M377. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 694704. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a). Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes. Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M, Jrve M et al. We emphasize that our assessments are based solely on contemporary DNA distributions rather than actual prehistoric patterns. Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. "[3], Previously the National Geographic Society placed its origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic. The Caucasus as an asymmetric semipermeable barrier to ancient human migrations. The most recent study (2010) estimates the common ancestor of all men in haplogroup G lived in Asia about 17,000 years ago, and the ancestor of the G2 subgroup lived about 15,000 years ago. Phylogenetic relationships of studied binary markers within haplogroup G in wider context of M89-defined clade. SD was also calculated for the age estimates according to the following formula: 25/1000 (ASD0 variance)/0.00069. Chromosome Y microsatellites: population genetic and evolutionary aspects. The North Ossetians in the mid northern Caucasus area of Russia belong overwhelmingly to the G2a1 subclade based on available samples. In human genetics, Haplogroup G-P303 ( G2a2b2a, [2] formerly G2a3b1) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Eur J Hum Genet 20, 12751282 (2012). [41] These classifications are based on shared SNP mutations. [8][9], Furthermore, the majority of all the male skeletons from the European Neolithic period have so far yielded Y-DNA belonging to this haplogroup. More distantly, G2a3a-M406 occurs in Italy (3%) with a Td of 8100 years ago, consistent with the model of maritime Neolithic colonization of the Italian peninsula from coastal Anatolia and/or the Levant. Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. MH and MHS are thankful to the National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran, and the National Research Institute for Science policy, Tehran, Iran, for providing the samples. [42] The technical specifications of M201 are given as: refSNPid is rs2032636..Y chromosome location of 13536923.forward primer is tatgcatttgttgagtatatgtc..reverse primer is gttctgaatgaaagttcaaacg..the mutation involves a change from G to T. A number of SNPs have been identified with seemingly the same coverage in the population as M201. Notably no basal G-M201*, Page94*(xM285, P287) chromosomes were detected in our data set. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. These are found at: rs9786910, rs9786537, rs2713254, rs35567891 and rs34621155 on the Y chromosome. A separate study on the Argyns found that 71% of males belong to G1. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Then we applied a 10% overall hg G frequency threshold and the additional specification that both haplogroup G1 and G2 lineages also be present.

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