hQk0=n/&DP|C1&p6jo$b=t/~) n2\^?t PDF Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet: Trickling Filters - US EPA Depending on the requirement for the final effluent in terms of pathogen reduction, only anaerobic and facultative ponds are necessary in some instances. WSPs are among the most common and efficient methods of wastewater treatment around the world. (1998): c. If a multi-stage stabilization pond system is adopted, the overtaking setting should be considered between the stabilization ponds at all levels . Due to the algal activity, pH rises leading to inactivation of some pathogens and volatilisation of ammonia. y"wmlVUvC endobj If you have any concerns or complaints relating to the article, please send an email, providing a detailed A Century-old Innovation of Farmers. Waste Stabilisation Ponds is the third volume in the series Biological Wastewater Treatment. Wastewater pond technology with anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds in Trichy, India Wastewater treatment ponds in El Cerrito, Colombia. <> 'b* [V;.Kih+'^\j_.OUzwt^ tah;,zGb'hLOY k_!uJUu^zX{h @cxxZIup y,"hA}[ HW~B$4vfzWe NwN:3yNRGJC?@B! They are simple to operate and maintain and generally require only part-time stuff. Additional oxygen can be introduced by wind due to vertical mixing of the water. Because the sludge produced in the front-end treatment system of the stabilization pond can be sent to the lotus pond or reed pond in the ecosystem or nearby farmland, it can be used and consumed as organic fertilizer . T$1MoG##}vQP"$=q^(XknABEo2$ w6+,i~}v_4S22$p_h+r"\v+xU~56Uu_AtW`:1ci0whs1VSJpANM9qAn@WM>u.E YD O=Sl endstream Stabilization ponds are a very promising sustainable centralized wastewater treatment option for West Africa due to the favourable climate. 5m . endobj endobj If used in combination with algae and/or fish harvesting (see Fish Pond), this type of pond is effective at removing the majority of nitrogen and phosphorus from the effluent. For the restricted and unrestricted reuse of the effluent in agri- and aquaculture, please refer to the WHO (2006) guidelines. !J=WIt@XY>APw~4 r89>g)#l0|#@d{&9 Facultative ponds and open digesting tanks are the most commonly used anaerobic processes for the treatment of POME (Yacob et al., 2005). {z,B2Y\jkU5^IwYf0i4jfm]pRwI 5|Y0##ju?iV/HUsLgNWnf.0ykr&^:]?+dg"#{!K8?~yO?=~RJ{/6jo1eH98J^0z25&\N;2^,<7G(lH=Nh`/w=epGE +Y&\pgc6+V:P#ZGU_ ZvQ z s_:n*yU!2]WYy\=M56mzWKYx"gR[5] %-&: YfsQqrll1 SbRQrUpIo^NcRj? (9k|6m}ue|dU?1gXD.Rw Tv}~MF+_HW#?xWe8&. Besides the poor economic situation and little political support, it is also the lack of training and research that contributes to this situation. Aerated lagoons - SlideShare description of the concern or complaint, to, The source of this page with content of products and services is from Internet, Stabilisation ponds also have the advantage of very low operating costs since they use no energy compared to other wastewater treatment technologies and only low-tech infrastructure (see also operation and maintenanceand ensuring sustainability). Ft#sqD|)qr vDu Benaa Desert Group > News > Uncategorized > facultative pond advantages and disadvantages By January 31, 2022 libanesisk linssallad ekrem gngr och amir amdouni 1. Solved 3. (a) (0) How would you describe a facultative pond - Chegg -Mx-BGT""D4h0D BOToBr M v:]O%W!dR5!Cd6h"0 ;(S#fn@8l.A="ps<2xCDT9]h2 f!@eu8\&eq!C@2G,r9#e5P'+@6pdqC4:5aGO\OOY|:A` =~uA.OONaS='t> *>o{ ":QwONp'KO~OmOo X\"di0'x? Advantages and Disadvantages of Ponds. 47 0 obj <>stream The inlet and outlet should adopt multi-point water inlet and multi-point water outlet to make the water distribution on the cross section of the pond as even as possible . FS Management Review of Practices, Problems and Initiatives, Clinton Water District. PDF FACTATI ODS FACULTATIVE PONDS - snapp.icra.cat Leeds: 5 Stabilizing the pond body and its inlet and outlet (1) Design points of the stabilization pond (b) (i) Considering the discharge of organic effluent into a river, compare the processes of reaeration of the stream and the rate of decomposition of the organic waste for the four different zones of the polluted stream Because facultative ponds employ algae as decomposers, the treatment time can range between 2 and 3 weeks, which is attributed to the photosynthetic processes that occur within the unit. Some advantages and disadvantages of facultative lagoons are listed below: Advantages Moderately effective in removing settleable solids, BOD, pathogens, fecal coliform, and ammonia. 'b* [V;.Kih+'^\j_.OUzwt^ tah;,zGb'hLOY k_!uJUu^zX{h @cxxZIup y,"hA}[ Whereas anaerobic and facultative ponds are designed for BOD removal, maturation or polishing ponds are essentially designed for pathogen removal and retaining suspended stabilised solids (MARA et al. The size and number of maturation ponds depends on the required bacteriological quality of the final effluent. Case Study on the fishponds in sewage-fed lagoons in Kolkata. A Thinkpiece on ecological sanitation, Sewage Fed Aquaculture Systems of Kolkata. <>stream The report suggests that emerging trends in low-cost, decentralised naturally-based infrastructure and urban wastewater management which promote the recovery and reuse of wastewater resources are increasingly relevant. PDF Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet: Facultative Lagoons In contrast of waste stabilisation ponds where the oxygen required for stabilising the organic matter is furnished by algae, the oxygenation is provided in Aerated . Technical information on environmentally sound technologies in wastewater treatment. They are very effective at removing disease-causing organisms (pathogens) from wastewater. facultative pond advantages and disadvantages 1 0 obj Aquatic plants that are present in the pond should also be removed as they may provide a breeding habitat for mosquitoes and prevent light from penetrating the water column. endobj 2 0 obj "!qAl0s +)\* `sDx>ZHJ,LE.wJgPbLj6dPfn? <> facultative pond advantages and disadvantages Table 1 provides a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of ponds with those of high-rate and low-rate biological wastewater treatment processes (note that Aereated Lagoon and WSP system are considered low-rate biological wastewater treatment processes). As the wastewater flows over the . endobj Ft#sqD|)qr vDu If used in combination with algae and/or fish harvesting, this type of pond is also effective at removing the majority of nitrogen and phosphorus from the effluent (TILLEY et al. Facultative waste stabilization ponds, sometimes referred to as lagoons or ponds, are frequently used to treat municipal and industrial wastewater in the . Both have to deal with aeration of the water being treated, but in ponds, oxygen is transferred directly into the water across the surface area without the need for any equipment. Two products can be put into production this month, The difference between PU and NC wood paint Seven differences to look at carefully. <> 18 0 obj aspects and provides practical information on design, financing and planning of faecal sludge treatment plants. duckweed) or fish (e.g. PES Dispersion BSP-450 99% White liquid Best Make, C9 aromatic hydrocarbon resins 64742-16-1, acrylonitrile/butadiene copolymer 99.6% White CAS9003-18-3 crm, Trade Alert - Delivering the latest product trends and industry news straight to your inbox. 0000007026 00000 n o2Ctdd5[I,L 3p,cL0uWEL%#N*dv <> Scum that builds up on the pond surface should be regularly removed. >}zUv6yS?iQpH3mB.Ib W?C?H' B`6ke@0wUSy=7I ^>z0WZ6n)/j&}. The service requires full JavaScript support in order to view this website. local infiltration or garden irrigation) to rather complex treatment trains for neighbourhoods (e.g. fish ponds). They are not very effective at removing heavy metals from waste water. (ii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of a Waste Stabilization Pond? Lagoon Technology International, RPI In a first pond (anaerobic pond), solids and settleable organics settles to the bottom forming a sludge, which is, digested anaerobic by microorganism. Lesson 7: Stabilization Ponds - Mountain Empire Community College The stable pond can not only effectively treat high-concentration organic water, but also low-concentration sewage . Th~yp.5"j%=D2Bj#=pIq )t$dILVHkTn}$2YXZgla)hI,?>h6s[,7oJD8nx?W?m/ The liner can be clay, asphalt, compacted earth, or another impervious material. which doesn't represent ECHEMI's opinion. This is the Arabic version of the Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Ideally, several aerobic ponds can be built in series to provide a high level of pathogen removal. hXn6= Blackwater, Faecal Sludge, Greywater, Brownwater, Faeces, Excreta, Sludge, Fertigation Water, Biogas (if anaerobic pond is covered). A fence should be installed to ensure that people and animals stay out of the area and that garbage does not enter the ponds. endobj They are less efficient in cold climates and may require additional land or longer detention times in these areas. N-^WJCQoU8lgL^laYXk lq5!JWDlpDS|WqxHlwaB#5nJy>y8b5:ypcluxqu6/*W!9?G! The width and slope of the top of the embankment . Facultative Treatment Ponds are the simplest of all WSPs and consist of an aerobic zone close to the surface and a deeper, anaerobic zone. 0000003487 00000 n What is cereal alcohol? russian central bank rothschild. 20 0 obj This document provides information and instructions on waste stabilisation ponds. =WC[ho5:G/H\IZ )MZ Common Lagoon Problems, Two Montana Towns Use Lagoons, For More Information. It explains requirements to promote the safe use of wastewater in agriculture, including minimum procedures and specific health-based targets, and how those requirements are intended to be used. m}~pPeh'/H+:Z~PO{izUG[4@'a5uIUWI{r AwOU[XkotJ^JDB]$% pP2A=-__T[5O :-fS0'[t!(!AD#AySAuJv;$YL1d|iqvl p.E~0W . 9w.OW x2 eM';j OB"#A}zC 3tkIt@v~o? Advantages. <> rate of 0.6 m 3 of facultative pond effluent per m of RF volume per day was about 9 mg BOD, about 7 mg SS, about 3 mg ammonia-N per liter and 10 to 1,000 fecal coliforms per 100 mL. Lagoons - Purdue University College of Engineering The wind has an important effect on the behavior of facultative ponds, as it induces vertical mixing of the pond liquid. The process (as in septic tanks) relies on the sedimentation of settable solids and subsequent anaerobic digestion in the resulting sludge layer. 5 0 obj The major topics covered are: microbiology and ecology of wastewater treatment, reaction kinetics and reactor hydraulics, conversion of organic and inorganic matter, sedimentation, aeration. They are designed for BOD removal and can treat water in the BOD range of 100 to 400 kg/ha/day corresponding to 10 to 40 g/m2/day at temperatures above 20C (MARA and PEARSON, 1998). 6 0 obj It is common for the depth near the inlets to be 10 to 12 feet. The service requires full cookie support in order to view this website. This training manual emphasizes basics of biogas technology as well as design principles and technical considerations. London: %PDF-1.3 Treatment . There are three types of ponds, (1) anaerobic, (2) Advantages and Disadvantages Ponds have many advantages and disadvantages compared to treatment in plants. 0000001158 00000 n It covers both technical and non-technical (socio-cultural, economic, political etc.) A sample design exercise and some technical drawings and sketches are also given. Waste Stabilization Ponds and Constructed Wetlands Manual. facultative pond advantages and disadvantages. This report compiles international experience in greywater management on household and neighbourhood level in low and middle-income countries. Detailed study about each treatment units and reaction mechanisms are studied. 8 0 obj The direction from import to export should avoid the prevailing local wind direction throughout the year to prevent odor pollution . Answer: Introduction Communication is a process that helps to transfer information and knowledge as well as it helps to build up understanding between two or more peoples. The terrain can be fully utilized, and the structure of the structure is simple . The liner can be made from clay, asphalt, compacted earth, or any other impervious material. CHrc!xGEc3"Xes.pS`yqGR9)G2 facultative pond advantages and disadvantages endobj 1 0 obj [11 0 R 12 0 R] 0 Lagoon Technology International Ltd, MARA, D.D. 0000003245 00000 n Require little energy, with systems designed to operate with gravity flow. International Water Association (IWA Publishing), Notes in the Design and Operation of Waste Stabilization Ponds in Warm Climates of Developing Countries, Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. ALABASTER, G.P. Convert organic matter in sewage into aquatic crops, fish, waterfowl and other substances, and provide them for human use or other purposes . endobj Your email address will not be published. This paper shows that there are comprehensive experiences and available technologies that meet new and sustainable sanitation requirements. 11 0 obj 1992; SASSE, 1998; TILLEY et al. The effluent from lagoon systems can be suitable for irrigation (where appropriate), because of its high-nutrient and low pathogen content. Solved What are the advantages and disadvantages of these | Chegg.com endobj <> In cold climates, the HRT and loading may be adjusted. endstream endobj 52 0 obj<. Figure 1: Stabilisation pond configurations: AN = anaerobic pond; F = facultative pond; M = maturation pond 2. Virus and microorganisms get also removed. Facultative ponds mean large, but shallow basins meant for the treatment of the sewage through the application of both anaerobic and aerobic processes (Bougrier et al. The first part of the guide contains a planning process and a set of criteria to be completed; these assist you in characterizing each area of intervention so that you are then in a position to identify the most appropriate technical solutions. Advantages Resistant to organic and hydraulic shock loads High reducution of solids, BOD and pathogens High nutrient removal if combined with aquaculture Low operating cost No electrical energy required No real problems with flies or odours if designed and maintained correctly Can be built and repaired with locally available materials HWn9 ycf2l2k//%qM7db afUS?_$/X{x endobj Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet Facultative Lagoons Before the exit of the stabilization pond, a scum baffle should be installed, but before the advanced treatment pond, no baffle should be installed to avoid trapping algae . 10 0 obj xMk@s;_ XVi&mRob #zg "Q*> %%EOF There has been a critical error on this website. The design of the pond body should consider impact resistance and damage resistance . are kevin campbell and sol campbell related taxera om fastighet till jordbruksfastighet Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Ponds | WaterWorld irrigation) or aquaculture (e.g. endobj endobj startxref 51 0 obj <> endobj Ponds have many advantages and disadvantages compared to treatment in plants. endobj <>/Metadata 2123 0 R/ViewerPreferences 2124 0 R>> Advantages Disadvantages Low energy usage (feeding by gravity) Robust against load fluctuations . Design must be carried out by expert. In a second pond (facultative pond), algae growing on the surface provide the water with oxygen leading to both anaerobic digestion and aerobic oxidation of the organic pollutants. This module pays special attention to the haulage, treatment and reuse or disposal of faecal sludge. Facultative ponds treat BOD, typically within a range of 100-400 kg BOD/ha/day, by removing BOD by 95 %. After proper design, the natural aeration and oxygenation of wind energy can be realized in the stabilization pond, so as to save electric energy and reduce processing energy consumption . You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Biogas may also be recovered for use when anaerobic ponds are covered with a floating plastic membrane (PENA VARON 2004) (see also reuse of biogas). oKz~[_Zn[U/_Z x2}[[oJ.O_[/k^m~|5J~[\%{Z NCh{!@8]{p.9x^AA* yU2)GbD_.GZ d[GO[tZWv/uK^iMn ^4tM4_i_ B[T[oa0k*ov{k}GIW ePRw4aW/L&i rkUd $_L}~NTA~u]oN2 [/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC] Odour problem can be reduced if properly taken into account during the design stage. However, large surface areas and expert design are required. Corinna: endstream endobj 48 0 obj <>stream A study on management and institutional aspects regarding the challenges and possible improvements in managing faecal sludge. (2006): endobj They use less energy than most waste water treatment methods. W&+I4@aI\'@ ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Some advantages and disadvantages of TFs are listed below. 17 0 obj <> October 13, 2010 no comments. Design manual for designers, builders and operators on the design and operation of artificially constructed wetlands and waste stabilization ponds. ^ZJw\xw@y9/#}m]Y"}. irrigation) or aquaculture (e.g. b. (2) Disadvantages It covers a large area . stream endobj endobj If there is a certain height difference between the inlet water elevation of the aeration pond and the pond water surface elevation, then this height difference can be considered for oxygenation by falling water . If the design or operation management is not in place, it will cause secondary pollution . 9 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]>> A solar pond is a pool of saltwater which collects and stores solar thermal energy. The 55 chapters are divided into 7 parts over two volumes: Volume One: (1) Introduction to wastewater characteristics, treatment and disposal; (2) Basic principles of wastewater treatment; (3) Stabilisation ponds; (4) Anaerobic reactors; Volume Two (also available in the SSWM library): (5) Activated sludge; (6) Aerobic biofilm reactors; (7) Sludge treatment and disposal. }{]7%DAZDnO?3CK=Z.l8P*`wR7Oe! <>/Type/XObject/Subtype/Image/ColorSpace/DeviceGray/Name/im1/Width 1926/BitsPerComponent 1/Length 2956/Height 2190/Filter/CCITTFaxDecode>>stream substantially reduces the land area required for facultative ponds. <> <> G 6fo/lpn`n4JH@29h7g0\{f. 22 0 obj b. You will be redirected once the validation is complete. oKz~[_Zn[U/_Z x2}[[oJ.O_[/k^m~|5J~[\%{Z NCh{!@8]{p.9x^AA* yU2)GbD_.GZ d[GO[tZWv/uK^iMn ^4tM4_i_ B[T[oa0k*ov{k}GIW ePRw4aW/L&i rkUd $_L}~NTA~u]oN2 };kj?c?k'1$ Ecosan. 51 21 Advantages C Simple, reliable, biological process. They can handle intermittent use and shock loadings better than many systems, making them a good option for campgrounds, resorts, and other seasonal properties. a) Anaerobic Pond, Various case studies are mentioned, e.g. A plant, in contrast, must install an aerator to add oxygen to the water. The algal production of oxygen occurs near the surface of aerobic ponds to the depth to which light can penetrate (i.e. 0000001862 00000 n Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP) | SSWM - Find tools for sustainable 12 0 obj WSPs generally produce good-quality effluent in terms of organic matter and pathogen removal, but their application has disadvantages. endobj If the water is reused for irrigation, the salinity of the effluent should be controlled regularly in order to prevent negative impact on the soil structure. (2) The inlet and outlet of the stabilization pond. (2003): Compared to conventional treatment processes, ponds and lagoons offer many advantages for smaller installations. Oxidation pond for municipal wastewater treatment | SpringerLink The straight-line distance between the inlet and the outlet should be as large as possible . The top layer of the pond receives oxygen from natural diffusion, wind mixing and algae-driven photosynthesis. endobj 11 0 obj Clintons lagoon system was constructed in 1987. This manual has been prepared as a tool to help improve DFID's (Department for International Developments, United Kingdom) support for water supply and sanitation projects and programmes in developing countries. Solids and BOD removal occurs by sedimentation and through subsequent anaerobic digestion inside the accumulated sludge (see also anaerobic digestion general). There are three types of ponds, (1) anaerobic, (2) facultative and (3) aerobic (maturation), each with different treatment and design characteristics. Although effluent from aerobic ponds is generally low in pathogens, the ponds should in no way be used for recreation or as a direct source of water for consumption or domestic use. xref <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 12 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> [/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC] 0000001295 00000 n 2008). They use less energy than most waste water treatment methods. The main function of anaerobic ponds is BOD removal, which can be reduced 40 to 85 % (WSP 2007). As a complete process, the anaerobic pond serves to: BOD removal in anaerobic ponds is governed by the same mechanisms that occur in all other anaerobic reactors (MARA et al. 2 0 obj 2 0 obj Leeds: HWr x}tliU@$f/G9EPrT\i 3. Wastewater treatment - Food and Agriculture Organization endobj The stabilization pond is located in the natural environment, and the climate has a great effect on it . Dissolved oxygen is also provided by natural wind mixing. Please enable JavaScript on your browser and try again. b) Facultative Pond, and What are the advantages and disadvantages of these three Waste Stablization Ponds listed below: Volume II of the Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater provides information on the assessment and management of risks associated with microbial hazards and toxic chemicals. PDF United States Environmental Protection Agency Wastewater Technology In addition, it is one of the few low-cost natural processes, which provides good treatment of pathogens. Index of dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/FUNDAMENT. www.waterworld.com is using a security service for protection against online attacks. to, Advantages and disadvantages of stabilization pond treatment process, Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-base Balance, Longmen Town, Lintao County, Gansu Province, launched a large-scale investigation and major renovation of the starch processing industry, The Market Supervision Office of Longmen Town, Lintao County, Gansu Province, carried out a special inspection of food safety before the "Double Festival", Benxi biological hepatitis B and AIDS test box have been registered. Some further information on the physical design is given in ARTHUR (1983) and the international Water and Sanitation Centre(2004). endobj endobj Facultative ponds should be constructed to a depth of 1 to 2.5 m and have a detention time between 5 to 30 days. endobj N and P) and is therefore appropriate for the reuse in agriculture , but not for direct recharge in surface waters. facultative pond advantages and disadvantagesjewelry district nycjewelry district nyc 12 0 obj The annexe contains a practical collection of factsheets on selected sanitation system options. . For multi-level stabilization ponds, separate gates should be set up at each entrance and exit of the stabilization ponds at all levels . <> The concept of managing urban wastewater flows at a decentralised or "intermediate" level, based on micro watersheds, is explored. <> <> Total nitrogen removal in WSP systems can reach 80% or more, and ammonia removal can be as high as 95%. endobj /_XOz[j Wz{{v~6duh@^uoWI8$z\5 xoj kP<6)xvZnQ<2~Uw:I@x1/z'R2RKI>?zz!9 rc[t`Yh)9J.r$H-ErcC>VTr+p BC4Dh= 1 0 obj Facultative ponds contain a supernatant (upper) layer that is aerobic, and lower layers that are anaerobic. endobj [(K Bekldve: 2022. mjus 29. vasrnap Szerz: . What are lagoon systems?, Advantages and Disadvantages of Lagoon Systems, Two, Three or Four Lagoons are Better than One, Facultative Lagoons Treat Wastewater Naturally, Lagoons Use Simple Design, Lagoons Need Proper Operation, Maintenance, . Easy to operate. Waste or Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) are large, man-made water bodies in which blackwater, greywater or faecal sludge are treated by natural occurring processes and the influence of solar light, wind, microorganisms and algae . N;Pplo+goGW;3cOl#D4VBk`AdU[bL}gg-8~hBI{$()P^-3y(GdS?>c'c%: 8 0 obj Basins with surface areas many times larger than conventional biological reactors, that utilize relatively low . a. An aerobic pond is commonly referred to as a maturation, polishing, or finishing pond because it is usually the last step in a series of ponds and provides the final level of treatment. are widely used in activated sludge process and oxidation ditch process . If you have any queries, please write Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) are commonly used for sewage treatment. Require much less land than facultative ponds, depending on the design conditions. ). %PDF-1.6 % PDF Secondary Wastewater Treatment (Waste Stabilization Ponds) FPs loose ammonia into the air at high pH; and settle some nitrogen and phosphorus in the sludge. endobj <> macrophyteor fish ponds). 8. The documented systems, which vary significantly in terms of complexity, performance and costs, range from simple systems for single-house applications (e.g. Perspectives are different frameworks from which to explore the knowledge around sustainable sanitation and water management. MILLS, S.W. facultative pond advantages and disadvantages Please enable cookies on your browser and try again. There are three types of ponds, (1) anaerobic, (2) facultative and (3) aerobic (maturation), each with different treatment and design characteristics. The oxygenation of the aeration pond is the same as other aerobic processes . 0000003791 00000 n (aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative bacteria; fungi; algae; and protozoa) attached to the medium as a biological film or slime layer (approximately 0.1 to 0.2 mm thick). <>stream These ponds do not require primary treatment and the added depth is needed to handle the substantial increase in solids loadings. An aerated lagoon can usually discharge throughout the winter while discharge may be prohibited from an ice-covered facultative . <>/Font<>>>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Rotate 0>> It is the shallowest of the ponds, ensuring that sunlight penetrates the full depth for photosynthesis to occur. Technologies for these sanitation options are presented. Large surface areas required and needs to be protected to prevent contact with human or animals. 21 0 obj Required fields are marked *. @,HZK[%w{(>;K7 u("(PgPJhPZeV+Ni9Z;uu7MW]C~~ncyEwv For the most effective treatment, WSPs should . The pond body directly below the surface aerator of the aeration pond must be reinforced with concrete . facultative pond advantages and disadvantages 4 0 obj ifk ume tvlingskalender / facultative pond advantages and disadvantages.

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